Propane-Powered Fleet Solutions

Compatible with Ford’s 4.6 Litre Sedan Platforms for: Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Lincoln Town Car Grand Marquis High Performance Dual Fuel Flexibility Sophisticated propane module interfaces seamlessly with original engine control unit Significantly Lower Propane-based Operating Costs Significant Life Cycle Economics Extended Engine Life Meets Canadian TIER I Environmental Emissions Standard

System Performance Features and Benefits

• System design and programming geared specifically to support andleverage Ford’s 4.6litreOBD II engine control unit functionality
• SEQUIN mirrors and replicates the functionality of Ford’s gasoline engine dynamics, including all emission control capabilities –original OEM computer controls propane fuel injectors
• Seamless and transparent transitioning between fuels under all operating conditions
• Reliablevapourpropane system –withdraws propane from thevapourspace of storage tank which eliminates potential for ‘heavy ends’ contamination of control components

Pricing for System and Installation

• The system kit, including tank, is available for $3,300 per vehicle
• Installation costs are estimated at $650 per vehicle

Underhood Components

• Unique SEQUIN Injection Module (SIM)* manages distinct electronic sensors and automatically delivers appropriate responses for temperature, fuel pressure and fuel liquid level changes
• SIM automatically manages fuel switching –no operator input required
• Switching function programmed to maximize propane-based operation
• Wiring harness includes direct plug-in to sensors using OEM style connectors
• BOSCH OEM gaseous fuel injectors operate sequentially, timed to each cylinder’s intake cycle
• Steel injector lines deliver fuel to each intake runner
• Pressure check valves at the intake manifold eliminate lag time
• Pressure regulator reduces tank pressure to operating pressure –80psi
• Liquid propane/engine coolant heat exchanger heats liquid in tank whenvapourpressure reaches minimum specified levels

Fuel Range and Storage

• Tank customized to unique requirements of Ford/SEQUIN platform
• Propane capacity –91litres
• Range –600 kilometers –equivalent to gasoline range which is also available
• Efficient use of trunk storage capacity –dimensions –11” x 42” -11” x 39 “ manifold tank
• Tank openings all placed at head of tank, minimizing interference with trunk storage
• Custom designedvapourseal box isolates connections from passenger compartment
• Custom designed remote fill assembly to side of vehicle
• Three fuel lines to engine compartment –liquid heat exchanger; return from heat exchanger; andvapourservice
• Propane fuel pump mounted in-line to feed heat exchanger

Positive Environmental Impact

• Reduced harmful emissions compared to gasoline –significantly lesssulphuroxides; carbon monoxide; particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide

Compatible with Chevrolet Impala’s 3.8 Litre Engine Platform High Performance DualFuel Flexibility Designed specifically to meet: Police fleet acceleration and otherrigourousperformance standards Sophisticated propane module interfaces seamlessly with original engine control unit Significantly Lower Propane-based Operating Costs Significant Life Cycle Economics Extended Engine Life Meets Canadian TIER I Environmental Emissions Standard

System Performance Features and Benefits

• System design and programming geared specifically to support andleverage Chevrolet Impala’s 3.8litreOBD II engine control unit functionality
• SEQUIN mirrors and replicates the functionality of Impala’s gasoline engine dynamics, including all emission control capabilities –original OEM computer controls propane fuel injectors
• Seamless and transparent transitioning between fuels under all operating conditions
• Reliablevapourpropane system –withdraws propane from thevapourspace of storage tank which eliminates potential for ‘heavy ends’ contamination of control component

Pricing for System and Installation

• The system kit, including tank, is available for $3,200 per vehicle
• Installation costs are estimated at $650 per vehicle

UnderhoodComponents

• Unique SEQUIN Injection Module (SIM)* manages distinct electronic sensors and automatically delivers appropriate responses for temperature, fuel pressure and fuel liquid level changes
• SIM automatically manages fuel switching –no operator input required
• Switching function programmed to maximize propane-based operation
• Wiring harness includes direct plug-in to sensors using OEM style connectors
• BOSCH OEM gaseous fuel injectors operate sequentially, timed to each cylinder’s intake cycle
  • Steel injector lines deliver fuel to each intake runner
  • Pressure check valves at the intake manifold eliminate lag time
• Pressure regulator reduces tank pressure to operating pressure –90psi
• Liquid propane/engine coolant heat exchanger heats liquid in tank whenvapourpressure reaches minimum specified levels

Fuel Range and Storage

• Tank customized to unique requirements of Impala/SEQUIN platform
• Range –450 kilometers –equivalent to gasoline range which is also available
• Propane capacity –67litres
• Efficient use of trunk storage capacity – dimensions –14” x 38”
• Custom designedvapourseal box isolates connections from passenger compartment
• Custom designed remote fill assembly to rear of vehicle
• Three fuel lines to engine compartment –liquid heat exchanger; return from heat exchanger; andvapourservice
• Propane fuel pump mounted in-line to feed heat exchanger

Positive Environmental Impact

• Reduced harmful emissions compared to gasoline –significantly lesssulphuroxides; carbon monoxide; particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide

Low Fuel Costs

• Fleets operating LPG-based vehicles over the past eight years realized annual average fuel savings of 43% compared to similar vehicles based on gasoline
• The above savings are netof the known difference in energy content –propane yields approximately 76% of the energy values of gasoline or expressed another way, 1.3litresof propane yields the equivalent energy of 1.0litreof regular gasoline
• Regulatory emission commitments in North America and the world are driving refining costs for gasoline higher and hence future gasoline prices could be forced higher which could further extend the current differential compared to propane
• There are substantial facts and arguments to support the position that the current price differential and related historical economic benefit of fuel cost advantages of propane will continue into the future
• The average savings with propane since January 1994 has been approximately 25 cents per litre on an energy equivalent basis under feasible and effective fuel procurement strategies

Historical Price Facts –Propane versus Gasoline
(Average Monthly prices)

Supply Security

• Propane is a bi-product of both natural gas plant and oil refining processes
• Fortunately Canada is very deep in both gas processing facilities and Natural Gas reserves
• With a large and expanding market for natural gas available in the U.S., an abundant supply of propane for Canadian consumption is assured –in the year 2000 Canada exported via pipeline networks more than 3.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas
• Consequently, 85% of Canada’s total propane production was derived from natural gas processing

Canadian Propane Domestic Demand vs. Export
000's of litres

Canadian Sources of Propane Production

• Wholesale supply prices are set by producers such as BP Canada and Shell Canada at major supply points in eastern and western Canada. The posted “SarniaGate” and “Edmonton Gate” FOB prices establish the standard for producer prices to wholesale distributors and propane marketing organizations in eastern and western Canada respectively
• Seasonal spikes can be severe but history indicates that while these are sharp, they are usually short-lived
• Fleet managers can minimize the risk inherent in these seasonal spikes by entering into medium to long-term “pre-buy” arrangements for estimated fuel needs during price-sensitive periods
• Other options available include becoming a member of a fuels buying group and leveraging group buying power with wholesale suppliers

Positive Environmental Impact

Numerous historical studies have drawn similar conclusions regarding the environmental advantages of propane versus gasoline.

Now the Department of Energy in the U.S., through Argonne Laboratories, has made available an interactive, dynamic comparative emissionsmodel for estimating the complete life cycle impact of various fuels on the environment. This Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation model –referred to in acronym form as GREET–allows researchers to evaluate various engine and fuel combinations on a consistent fuel-cycle basis.

Based on the results from the GREETmodel, the Chart below shows the emissions outcomes of near-term technologies using LPG vehicles relative to baseline gasoline vehicles fueled with conventional unleaded gasoline.The numbers clearly indicate that LPG (propane) offers significant emissions benefits compared to gasoline vehicles across the full spectrum of major emissions elements.

GREET Model of Propane Emissions
Relative to Gasoline

Web reference:
www.transportation.anl.gov/ttrdc/index.html

Other Propane Advantages

• Longer Engine Life, Less Maintenance
• Propane is a uniform fuel which has a consistently reliable 20 –25% higher octane value than regular gasoline without the need for fuel additives –the variation in octane values which occurs in gasoline amongst a range of suppliers, additives and production quality ranges will generally tend to shorten engine life
• The result of consistently higher octane values is cleaner burning and more consistent ignition dynamics with less overall wear and tear (knock) on major engine components
• Cylinder wear is also lessened since there is no liquid fuel to collect on cylinder walls and wash down during fuel-rich starts
• Engine oil stays cleaner longer as propane combustion emits lessparticulate matter than gasoline
• Overall the result is extended engine life –often 1-3 years longer than gasoline-powered engines -and the need for less maintenance

On-Site Storage and Refueling Advantages

• Propane refueling storage and dispensers can be installed on-site above ground which substantially eliminates environmental contamination concerns for fleet operators –this means typically less risk and less cost for these facilities compared to underground gasoline storage systems
• Propane's pumping rate, 45 to 50 litres per minute, is comparable to that of gasoline. Propane is delivered through a sealed system, with a simple screwed connection thus protecting the environment. Evaporative emissions from gasoline have negative environmental effects.

Safety

• Propane has an enviable safety record due to the stringent codesand regulations developed by the propane industry in conjunction with the American National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
• Propane has a narrow range of flammability, meaning the propane/air mix must contain from 2.2% to 9.5% propane vapour to ignite. Anyless than that and the mixture is too lean to burn; any more than that and the mixture is too rich to burn.

Studies Available

• Propane Production and Supply in Canada–Report prepared by Chandra Prakash, Ph.D. November 2001
• Environmental Assessment of Propane as a Motor Vehicle Fuel–Report prepared byChandra Prakash, Ph.D. November